In Beijing the day down 30 tons of dust. There was a picture I have left a deep impression: A person's car rear window covered with dust, and wrote the Beijing after three-year period there have been no further such a big sandstorm, until March 20 this year, Beijing was again larger sand and dust storms. As usual, this year's Beijing about soil, once someone in the media harping on the old tune of environmental protection, and that tone and a few years ago they advocate
I do not want these people, will only repeat the cliché. I asked my dusty weather this year to be significantly deeper than the knowledge of previous years. So I used the free time check out some information online, so this note was written. I can not guarantee all of my point of view; but I dare say, if I do not share information about the error and the more comprehensive, then the spirit of the people who have evidence and I will get a similar conclusion.
1. dust, blowing sand, dust storms, strong sandstorms difference
must first figure out is that people often referred to as sand and dust storms sandstorm sandstorm only one level; as typhoon weather southerners often referred to as There are four levels of dust weather, lighter to heavier, followed by dust, blowing sand, dust storms and severe sandstorm. Dust is dust blown from afar suspended air, slowly falling weather, visibility is less than 10 km; blowing sand and dust is raised and the whereabouts of the nearest weather, visibility between the 1-10 km; dust is also nearby Jan sand, visibility between 500 meters to 1 km; strong dust storm is the The most severe sandstorm hit, the visibility is not even 50 meters to almost make the pitch-dark, which in foreign countries commonly known as the official level. (By the way add: There are four levels of typhoon weather, lighter to heavier, followed by tropical depressions, tropical storms, tropical storms and typhoons.)
Sum up, blowing sand, dust storms and severe sandstorm have in common is the nearest sand, dust directly from the landing at low altitude, the visibility difference between the three different, but fundamentally different visibility and dust in the air depends on particle concentration and size are different. Air dust concentration and particle size was increased, the lower the visibility of natural. The floating dust weather and the other three different weather, dust source in the distance,cheap UGG boots, the dust from the high altitude (which can be up to 5,000 meters) to land, which before the dust in the landing, there is certainly a level of drift in the air delivery process.
four levels of dust in this weather, minimum extent of strong sandstorms, dust storms followed, blowing sand and the second, while the largest range of dust weather. Desert dust from Asia, not only can affect the Korean Peninsula and Japan, and even across the seas to the Hawaiian Islands and the North American continent. Four levels of dust caused by weather coverage is different for two main reasons: first, the greater the wind, dust is also the band played the more rough, this is not only common sense, but the formula can be quantitative fluid description; general, the weaker the wind is always more progress, so as the wind weakens, big grain of sand will be the first settlement, followed by small grains of sand, and finally even small dust particles. Second, even if the wind diminished, but if the wind is no longer the way forward through the new dust source, the less dust in the wind natural decrease dust faster.
2.
on the source of sand to the formation of dust weather there are two key factors, namely the wind, the second is dust. Let us look at the dust.
most people may feel only a sandstorm to Many of the dust source in dust weather is not one, but a string, arranged in the wind along the road. We put a bunch of dust source can be roughly divided into continue to play a supporting, strengthening the role of [1]. It is often the case: a place down the majority of dust is not from the original source, but from strengthening the sources. Therefore, the initial source is not necessarily a place of dust weather is the culprit. Such as the March 20, 2002 sandstorm in Beijing, the wind originated in the Russian Arctic coast of New Earth Island [2], the initial source of dust is the southwestern part of Mongolia, to strengthen the source of the western margin is Hunshandake and Hebei region northwest of the dam [3], but the original source at best resulted in Inner Mongolia and adjacent regions of strong dust storms, strong sandstorms in Beijing are mainly caused by the strengthening sources.
mentioned above this knowledge and level of knowledge of the dust weather combined to draw the natural inference: if a place (such as Beijing) from the initial source of dust weather is very far, but If there is to strengthen a nearby source, then there can still be blowing, dust storms and even the strong sandstorm weather. Conversely, if the strengthening of the nearby sources have been effectively controlled, then the blowing sand, dust storms and strong dust storms can greatly reduce the dust weather this time the weather will be mainly dust.
2000 National launched the strengthen the sources, such as sand from the Beijing recently, Huailai Should be said that these governance is effective, so in Beijing in the last century by blowing sand and dust weather in the main, accounted for nearly three-quarters of all the sand and dust storms [1], but after 2005, then transferred to dust weather-based.
3. on the sand and dust storms causes, and of the meteorologists and geologists who is more credible
said the dust, let me talk about the wind.
With dust source, if there is no wind, dust storms can not form the same. The wind is caused by atmospheric circulation. What season of the year there are strong winds blowing in different years the number of times the high winds, which are determined by the atmospheric circulation. The study of atmospheric circulation, it is the work of meteorologists headed.
Although China's modern meteorological observation that only a very short history, but enough to give us some reliable data to break the prejudices of the. Such as from the 50 years since the last century, dust weather in Beijing is to reduce the general trend: in 50,60 and 70 have a dusty weather mid-peak period; 80 weaker dust weather events; 90 is more To calm; to 1999-2002, although the dust has ushered in the activities of a small peak, but this is only a small peak of 80 back to the level of the last century, it simply can not be compared to 50-70 years [1] . However, due to the improvement of living standard, so that dust can not stand the weather they have. In the role of psychological factors, even many people feel over the dust weather in Beijing is serious up until recent years, it is very normal.
dust weather for this change in Beijing, meteorologists agree that it is fundamentally affected by the atmospheric circulation. The most serious problem of desertification in China is 90 times, this is precisely the dust weather in Beijing quiet period. This can be shown that two factors in the dust and wind, the wind factor is more major.
Now that the accumulation of modern meteorological data also too small, the evolution of the atmospheric circulation, the world no one dared to make a reliable meteorologist predicted, so the dust weather in the future will be more or less, A meteorologist not dare to promise success. Similarly, the Southwest drought this year, meteorologists also agreed that the impact of atmospheric circulation, but no one dares to say in the future will be short-term drought will not happen again. Interestingly, although meteorologists forecast the weather has made considerable progress, but it is a very humble group of people, recognition of human knowledge is too limited, the power of humanity is too small.
contrast, some geologists on the causes of dust weather is too self-confident, determined dust is bent more important factor than the wind, resulting in the understanding of the causes of dust weather in the school In fact both sides of the debate is simply not a grade on the strength. Whose opinion is more credible and natural at a glance.
, of course, need to explain this: that because the sand and dust storms mainly affected by the atmospheric circulation is a normal phenomenon, so we should turn a blind eye to extremist views, but also should be negative. I know if there any meteorologist really uphold this extreme view, it is only right and wrong outside of those who talk about meteorology and non-scientific people out of context Bale.
4. On the Korean with the dust storms originated in the dry forest lake really say no, also on understand areas of over-confidence, perseverance of the people into only a small part. Let's talk about a man named Han Lin, a geologist with the China University of Geosciences, Beijing Institute of Geology, researchers presenting the dust originated in the dry lake view.
Meteorologists generally agreed that the impact of Beijing is the largest sand desert dust source to the edge of the pasture ecotone, and over the original. However, with the Han Lin believes that this view is completely wrong, from the chemical composition analysis, Beijing landed mostly alkaline dust particles, the particle size of 0.05 mm or less, and this dust is mainly from the dry salt lake. If his view is correct, it means that now control dust source in practice is completely wrong. Re-planting, and then pasture, can not stop the dust storms occur unless the lake dried up completely solve the problem [4].
fact, as long the investigation will prove to be a simple Han Lin's view is correct the same, that is to see whether the non-dried salt lake of the land may contain alkaline dust particles, if also contains, these particles are easily release. If you have any other type of surface also contains alkaline dust, and easy to release, then dried up salt lake in the dust source areas because the proportion is relatively small, most of the dust is still clearly from other types of surface.
Peking University Liu Hongyan, who in the dam area Hunshandake and made such investigations [5]. They found that: first, by 0.05 mm in diameter containing a percentage of dust content in the following level of sort, then several different surface types in the following order: low wet meadow (40.1%), rocky hill meadow (31.4%), plantation (22.6%), Lake meadow (17.5%), rocky hills and fixed sandy meadow steppe (16.6%), farmland (including farmland, fallow land, 8.0%), Elm Woodlands (6.2%), mobile sand (2.4%). It can be seen, wetlands, meadows, rocky grassland, fixed sandy land, plantations contain a large number of fine dust particles. However, the ability of the surface depends not only on the release of fine dust particles in the content, but also on vegetation density. Wetland meadow, although it contains a lot of fine dust particles, but because of lush vegetation, it is not easy from the dust. As a result, most likely from the dust of natural stone to turn to the sand prairie and fixed. Also can not be ignored is that the spring plowed farm also has a strong capacity from the dust, but once a year and abandoned farmland covered with weeds, dust from the ability to significantly decrease. As for the plantation, because of their own to wind, so it is not easy from the dust, but it is necessary to promote the growth of a forest understory herbs one of the tasks. Finally, after a wetland meadow degradation may become a potential source of sand land.
Liu Hongyan, who failed to investigate from the dust of the dry salt lake. According to foreign scholars on different sub-Saharan Africa, the determination of the surface from dust, sand dunes from the dust of the strongest, than completely flat desert, which was higher than the slightly undulating desert, and dust from the dry salt lake of the weakest [6]. In fact, this is the former Director of Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, and in rebuttal Han Ji-Lin said the same, and This seems to violate common sense sounds - the dry lake bottom should not be cracked like it? But I personally experienced the study shows that the lake dried up salt lake is indeed formed white board, the hard one, visible on the dry salt lake salt-free form of the final is great. Another interesting example can be used as evidence: the Mongolian dry saline soil in tubes called шал (shal, Schaller), and this word is also the If a piece of land, as the floor, you can easily say that the dust from it?
to these conclusions together, that is: the main dust from the surface is degraded grassland,UGG boots cheap, post-fixed sandy land, and cultivated fields, dry flow of sand and salt from the dust is not the main surface. Degraded wetlands meadow, although there may be dust from the surface, but the area is too small to bear the main responsibility. In fact, this and the meteorologist are the same proposition. Lin Han with too much emphasis on the role of dry salt, denying the role of degraded grassland and farmland, is not empirical. As the alkaline dust problem, Wang and he said: One said that he had misjudged the potholes Guangyuan glacial landscape as the Remember: understanding. They think, in eastern China has conclusive evidence of ancient glaciers only Taibai, Jilin Changbai Mountains bordering with North Korea, Taiwan, and Yu-shan mountains, Lushan and eastern China in the altitude of 2,000 meters below the mountain in the fourth Discipline has never happened during the glaciers, some of the ancient glacial terrain suspected can be used to explain the causes of other non-glacier. internal debate. However, this argument is the mainstream of science and
5. desertified land: planting trees or Down? Grass or Down?
answer to this question is simple: where the trees should plant trees and grass where the grass should be. This is because the woody and herbaceous plants have different ecological characteristics, woody plants generally consume more water, it usually is not suitable for planting in the dry climate and not enough water in the place. In the grassland areas have been the best way is just grass, with one exception: In the grassland desertification has become uneven after the species of shrubs on the sand, supplemented with herbs is appropriate, because the soil conditions are not suitable for the herbaceous species only.
lag because Ecology has long been the national afforestation sand as an important means of combating desertification and the management of this work to the forestry sector, resulting in a considerable problem. Gene in the reverse movement courageously pioneer Jiang GM, the first is known by the anti-forestry sector. Fair to say that Jiang Gaoming ban proposed random forest steppe region, so that the recommendations of grassland recovery by the forces of nature is justified, and this became his mask was placed only capital experts.
In fact,UGG shoes, I think the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has always been divided into two departments manage a ridiculous thing. General agriculture, including agriculture (farming), forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries of five departments, this is our time from the junior formulas will be able to back down; the forestry sector and the other four sectors separated, is not normal . The two departments jointly by MAF is best, like Japan, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, or the Republic of China, like (familiar with the modern history of the friends all know, Jiaoren MAF is the first chief of the Republic of China). China's many environmental problems related to agriculture can not solve the reasons for the delay, often and agricultural sector and the forestry sector for power related. Desertification is the case, the disorder in southwest eucalyptus planting is it not so?
6. Mongolia's water resources and the desertification is no exception. If there is enough water, not to mention grass is planted to sand the whole tree is not impossible.
a case study, restricting the development of the Union the biggest problem is the lack of water. A man named
(1) 2000 years, Ximeng grassland ecological problem solving in general is a scientific, empirical. In fact, over-farming settlement grasslands, overgrazing and the resulting desertification problem, there is no other way can only be a pasture, desertification, and vigorously promote the Construction of artificial grassland (However, because of successive years of drought, and later, few artificial grass) and silage base, improve agricultural and livestock facilities. If you do not blame it, the only mistake Ximeng only in certain areas should not be planting trees. However, some of those teams in Beijing Ximeng inserted through the educated youth, and in recent years has been conservative with the Mongolian culture, advocating the If the tree planting and Jiang Gaoming as opposed to abuse and the leadership forged liangzi Ximeng words,UGG boots clearance, sin a.
(2) Ximeng contains rich mineral resources, mainly coal, as well as oil, iron and so on. Ximeng to develop, can not but exploitation of these minerals, but lack of water resources, seriously hampering the development of these minerals. Fortunately, these minerals are mostly concentrated in the eastern Ximeng. Eastern part of the future will focus on the population of Ximeng and speed up urbanization, and the western Sonid Banner, Sonid Right Banner, Abaga Banner and other places can only control the population, the development of appropriate industry.
(3) for water, taken three ways to get Ximeng: First, full use of existing water resources, such as building the necessary reservoirs; Second, waste-water treatment; Third, inter-basin transfer, there are three options, the most feasible from the Halha Hulunbeier ulgai River water transfer to the other two programs are .
Program about this project is that water from the Bohai Sea Huludao cited by Chifeng to Ximeng. Seawater used for the first coal power, coal, chemical production; coal, coal chemical waste heat can be used to desalinate seawater, while the production of composite sea salt and other chemical resources and products; desalination of seawater after the daily needs in addition to water, is mainly used in ecological restoration. It is said that the technology required for this project are mature, there is no insurmountable technical obstacles.
If the description is true, then I certainly will not oppose this vast project. I'm getting that in many cases, only big project is the only way to solve development problems, environmental issues and practical solutions; other name of Almost no one can stand the test of evidence, these people have almost no comprehensive scientific spirit. To put it plainly, we are not in order to show the power of humanity launched a large project, we just were forced to it.
us, is the real humanitarian.
2010.04.08-09
Reference:
[1] Zhang Zhigang, the first such high-Hing, 2007. of dust weather in Beijing and transfer path analysis source. Environmental Sciences, 20 (4): 21-27.
[2] Xiaoxian Jun, Liu also beads, etc., 2004. March 19, 2002 Conditions of sandstorm broke out. Applied Meteorology, 15 (1) : 1-9.
[3] Xin-Jiang Zheng, Xu et al, 2005. March 2002 18-21 Strong Sandstorm monitoring process. meteorology, 31 (4): 39-43.
[4] raging dust, sand and dust of 20 years of endless dispute. Southern Weekend, April 2, 2010.
[5] Liu Hongyan, Tian Yu-hong, etc., 2003. Inner good of muddy Shamir, Hebei Province and areas to the different land cover types of dust weather in Beijing source contribution. Science Bulletin, 48 (11): 1229-1232.
[6] Zhou Ji, Xu X, etc., 2002 . dynamic characteristics of spring sandstorms in 2000. China Science (D Series), 32 (4): 327-334.
[7] Beijing Science and Technology News, December 2, 2009.
[8] Xilin Gol League: grasp the opportunity to master water.
[9] Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region West Transmission Project Report Seawater .
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